Friday, 10 October 2014
Thursday, 9 October 2014
war
conclusion
granting
powers of a peacekeepers
appearance before a lawyer judge
taking of police powers
(and osmosis of criminals between uniforms
counterfeit medicines by body b
95 % of the city Every petty criminal
having access to a police uniform
directly or indirectly
of course without reliability
monkey wearing rich person's clothes
Gestapo prove control police
control a fearful country )
conclusion
granting
powers of a peacekeepers
appearance before a lawyer judge
taking of police powers
(and osmosis of criminals between uniforms
counterfeit medicines by body b
95 % of the city Every petty criminal
having access to a police uniform
directly or indirectly
of course without reliability
monkey wearing rich person's clothes
Gestapo prove control police
control a fearful country )
Gestapo
were a ring involved in crime
who disguised themselves in uniforms
That professional soldiers
like Field Marshal Erwin
tried to bring down
after a certain date
Adolph Hitler's as an ultra nationalist
politician
up to a certain date
his role after
this book written
at the level of a ultra-nationalist
not written
at the level of
the criminals in the Gestapo
he became front man
for Himmler
leading the criminals
Himmler
was in the
crime ring
Professional soldiers
recognized them
in their military disguise
after a certain date
The Gestapo (German pronunciation: [ɡeˈstaːpo, ɡəˈʃtaːpo] (
); abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, "Secret State Police") was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe. Hermann Göringformed the unit in 1933. Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of SS national leaderHeinrich Himmler, who in 1936 was appointed Chief of German Police (Chef der Deutschen Polizei) by Hitler.[2] In 1936, Himmler made it a suboffice of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) ("Security Police"). Then from 27 September 1939 forward, it was administered by the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) ("Reich Main Security Office") and was considered a sister organization of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) ("Security Service").[3]
were a ring involved in crime
who disguised themselves in uniforms
That professional soldiers
like Field Marshal Erwin
tried to bring down
after a certain date
Adolph Hitler's as an ultra nationalist
politician
up to a certain date
his role after
this book written
at the level of a ultra-nationalist
not written
at the level of
the criminals in the Gestapo
he became front man
for Himmler
leading the criminals
Himmler
was in the
crime ring
Professional soldiers
recognized them
in their military disguise
after a certain date
The Gestapo (German pronunciation: [ɡeˈstaːpo, ɡəˈʃtaːpo] (
); abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, "Secret State Police") was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe. Hermann Göringformed the unit in 1933. Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of SS national leaderHeinrich Himmler, who in 1936 was appointed Chief of German Police (Chef der Deutschen Polizei) by Hitler.[2] In 1936, Himmler made it a suboffice of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) ("Security Police"). Then from 27 September 1939 forward, it was administered by the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) ("Reich Main Security Office") and was considered a sister organization of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) ("Security Service").[3]
Soon afterward, Göring detached the political and intelligence sections from the police and filled their ranks with Nazis. On 26 April 1933, Göring merged the two units as the Gestapo. He originally wanted to name it the Secret Police Office (German: Geheimes Polizeiamt), but discovered the German initials "GPA" looked and sounded too much like those of the Russian GPU.[4]
Its first commander was Rudolf Diels, a protégé of Göring. Diels was best known as the primary interrogator ofMarinus van der Lubbe after the Reichstag fire. In late 1933, the Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick wanted to integrate all the police forces of the German states under his control. Göring outflanked him by removing the Prussian political and intelligence departments from the state interior ministry.[5] Göring himself took over the Gestapo in 1934 and urged Hitler to extend the agency's authority throughout Germany. This represented a radical departure from German tradition, which held that law enforcement was (mostly) a Land (state) and local matter. In this, he ran into conflict with Heinrich Himmler, who was police chief of the second most powerful German state, Bavaria. Frick did not have the muscle to take on Göring by himself so he allied with Himmler. With Frick's support, Himmler (pushed on by his right-hand man, Reinhard Heydrich) took over the political police of state after state. Soon only Prussia was left.[6]
Concerned that Diels was not ruthless enough to effectively counteract the power of the Sturmabteilung (SA), Göring handed over control of the Gestapo to Himmler on 20 April 1934. Also on that date, Hitler appointed Himmler chief of all German police outside Prussia. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SS Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, SD).[7]
On 17 June 1936, Hitler decreed the unification of all police forces in the Reich and named Himmler as Chief of German Police.[8]This action effectively merged the police into the SS and removed it from Frick's control. Himmler was nominally subordinate to Frick as police chief, but as Reichsführer-SS, he answered only to Hitler. This move also gave Himmler operational control over Germany's entire detective force.[9] The Gestapo became a national state agency rather than a Prussian state agency. Himmler also gained authority over all of Germany's uniformed law enforcement agencies, which were amalgamated into the new Ordnungspolizei (Orpo: Order Police), which became a national agency under SS general Kurt Daluege.[8] Shortly thereafter, Himmler created the Kriminalpolizei (Kripo: Criminal Police), merging it with the Gestapo into the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo: Security Police), under Heydrich's command. The SiPo was considered a complementary organization to the SD.[3]Heinrich Müller was at that time the Gestapo operations chief.[10] He answered to Heydrich; Heydrich answered only to Himmler and Himmler answered only to Hitler.
General opposition and military conspiracy[edit]
Between 1934 and 1938, opponents of the Nazi regime and their fellow travelers began to emerge. Among the first to speak out were the religious dissenters but following in their wake were educators, aristocratic businessmen, office workers, teachers, and others from nearly every walk of life.[30] Most people quickly learned that open opposition was dangerous; for Gestapo informants and agents were widespread. Yet a significant number of them remained committed and worked against the National Socialist government.[31]
During May 1935, the Gestapo broke up and arrested members of the "Markwitz Circle," a group of former socialists who had contact with Otto Strasser, who wanted to bring about the downfall of Hitler.[32] From the mid-1930s into the early 1940s – various groups made up of communists, idealists, working-class people, and even far-right conservative opposition organizations covertly fought against Hitler’s government, and several of them fomented plots that included Hitler’s assassination. Nearly all of them, including: the Römer Group, Robby Group, Solf Circle, Schwarze Reichswehr, the Party of the Radical Middle Class,Jungdeutscher Orden, Schwarze Front and Stahlhelm were either discovered or infiltrated by the Gestapo. This led to corresponding arrests, being sent to concentration camps and execution.[33] One of the methods employed by the Gestapo to contend with these resistance factions was ‘protective detention’ which facilitated the process in expediting dissenters to concentration camps and against which there was no legal defense.[34]
Unfortunately, early efforts to resist with aide from abroad were hindered when the opposition's peace feelers to the Western Allies did not meet with success. This was partly because of the Venlo incident of 1939.[35] There SD and Gestapo agents, posing as anti-Nazis in the Netherlands, kidnapped two British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) officers after having lured them to a meeting to discuss peace terms. That prompted Winston Churchill to ban any further contact with the German opposition.[36] Later, the British and Americans did not want to deal with anti-Nazis because they were fearful that the Soviet Union would believe they were attempting to make deals behind their back.[37]
The German opposition was in an unenviable position by the late spring and early summer of 1943. On one hand, it was next to impossible for them to overthrow Hitler and the party; on the other, the Allied demand for an unconditional surrender meant no opportunity for a compromise peace, which left the military and conservative aristocrats who opposed the regime no option (in their eyes) other than continuing the military struggle.[38] Nevertheless, some Germans did speak out and showed signs of protest during that time. Despite fear of the Gestapo after the mass arrests and executions of the spring, the opposition still plotted and planned. One of the more famous opposition schemes, Operation Valkyrie, involved a number of senior German officers and was carried out by Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. In an attempt to assassinate Hitler, Stauffenberg planted a bomb underneath a conference table inside the Wolf's Lair field headquarters.[39] Known as the 20 July plot, this assassination attempt failed and Hitler was only slightly injured. Reports indicate that the Gestapo was caught unaware of this plot as they did not have sufficient protections in place at the appropriate locations nor did they take any preventative steps.[40][41] Stauffenberg and his group were shot on 20 July 1944; meanwhile, his fellow conspirators were rounded up by the Gestapo and sent to a concentration camp. Thereafter, there was a show trial overseen by Roland Freisler and that was followed by their execution.[42]
Some Germans were convinced that it was their duty to apply all possible expedients to end the war as quickly as possible. Sabotage efforts were undertaken by members of the Abwehr (military intelligence) leadership, as they recruited people who were known to oppose the Nazi regime.[43] The Gestapo cracked down ruthlessly on the dissidents in Germany, just as they did everywhere else. Opposition became more difficult. Arrests, torture, and executions were common. Terror against "state enemies" had become a way of life to such a degree that the Gestapo’s presence and methods were eventually normalized in the minds of people living in Nazi Germany.[44]
Organization[edit]
On January 1933, Hermann Göring, Hitler's minister without portfolio, was appointed the head of the Prussian Police and began filling the political and intelligence units of the Prussian Secret Police with Nazi Partymembers.[45] On 26 April 1933, he reorganized the force's Amt III as the Gestapo, a secret state police intended to serve the Nazi cause.[46] In 1936, the Gestapo was moved from the Prussian Interior Ministry to the Reich Interior Ministry and combined with the Kripo (National criminal police) to form the SiPo,Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police). Classed as a government agency, it was nominally under the control of the Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick. However Himmler, who had been appointed Chef der Deutschen Polizei(Chief of German Police) by Hitler, controlled the SS, the Gestapo, the Orpo (uniformed police) and all investigation units. Although technically subordinate to Frick, he answered only to Hitler.[8][9]
The SiPo was placed under the direct command of Reinhard Heydrich who was already chief of the Nazi Party's intelligence service, the Sicherheitsdienst (SD).[8] The idea was to fully combine the party agency, the SD, with the SiPo, the state agency. SiPo members were encouraged to become members of the SS. However in practise, the SiPo and the SD came into jurisdictional and operational conflict. Gestapo and Kripo had many experienced, professional policemen and investigators, who considered the SD to be an incompetent agency run by amateurs.[3]
In September 1939, the SiPo together with the SD were merged into the newly created Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA: Reich Main Security Office). Both the Gestapo and Kripo became distinct departments within the RSHA.[2] Although theSicherheitspolizei was officially disbanded, the term SiPo was figuratively used to describe any RSHA personnel throughout the remainder of the war. In lieu of naming convention changes, the original construct of the SiPo, Gestapo, and Kripo cannot be fully comprehended as "discrete entities", since they ultimately formed "a conglomerate in which each was wedded to each other and the SS through its Security Service, the SD."[47]
The creation of the RSHA represented the formalization, at the top level, of the relationship under which the SD served as the intelligence agency for the security police. A similar coordination existed in the local offices. Within Germany and areas which were incorporated within the Reich for the purpose of civil administration, local offices of the Gestapo, criminal police, and SD were formally separate. They were subject to coordination by inspectors of the security police and SD on the staffs of the local higher SS and police leaders, however, and one of the principal functions of the local SD units was to serve as the intelligence agency for the local Gestapo units. In the occupied territories, the formal relationship between local units of the Gestapo, criminal police, and SD was slightly closer.[48]
The Gestapo became known as RSHA Amt IV ("Department or Office IV") with Heinrich Müller as its chief.[12] In January 1943, Himmler appointed Ernst Kaltenbrunner RSHA chief; almost seven months after Heydrich had been assassinated.[12] The specific internal departments of Amt IV were as follows:[49]
| Junior career | Senior career | Orpo equivalent | SS equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kriminalassistentanwärter | Wachtmeister | Unterscharführer | |
| apl. Kriminalassistent | Oberwachtmeister | Scharführer | |
| Kriminalassistent | Revieroberwachtmeister | Oberscharführer | |
| Kriminaloberassistent | Hauptwachtmeister | Hauptscharführer | |
| Kriminalsekretär | Meister | Sturmscharführer | |
| Kriminalobersekretär | Hilfskriminalkommissar Kriminalkommissar auf Probe apl. Kriminalkommissar | Leutnant | Untersturmführer |
| Kriminalinspektor | Kriminalkommissar with less than three years in that rank | Oberleutnant | Obersturmführer |
| Kriminalkommissar Kriminalrat with less than three years in that rank | Hauptmann | Hauptsturmführer | |
| Kriminalrat Kriminaldirektor Regierungs- und Kriminalrat | Major | Sturmbannführer | |
| Oberregierungs- u. Kriminalrat | Oberstleutnant | Obersturmbannführer | |
| Regierungs- u. Kriminaldirektor Reichskriminaldirektor | Oberst | Standartenführer |
Pay grades[edit]
| Pay grade[54] | Annual salary 1938 Reichsmark (RM)[55] | Ranks |
|---|---|---|
| A8c3 | 2,160–2,340 | apl. Kriminalassistent Kriminalassistent |
| A7c | 2,000–3,000 | Kriminaloberassistent |
| A7a | 2,350–3,500 | Kriminalsekretär |
| A5b | 2,300–4,200 | Kriminalobersekretär |
| A4c1 | 2,800–5,300 | Hilfskriminalkommissar Kriminalkommissar auf Probe apl. Kriminalkommissar Kriminalkommissar |
| A4c2 | 2,800–5,000 | Kriminalinspektor |
| A3b | 4,800–7,000 | Kriminalrat |
| A2d | 4,800–7,800 | Kriminaldirektor |
| A2c2 | 4,800–8,400 | Regierungs-und Kriminalrat |
| A2b | 7,000–9,700 | Oberregierungs-und Kriminalrat |
| A1b | 6,200–10,600 | Regierungs- und Kriminaldirektor Reichskriminaldirektor |
These groups—the Nazi party and government leadership, the German General staff and High Command (OKW); the Sturmabteilung (SA); the Schutzstaffel(SS), including the Sicherheitsdienst (SD); and the Gestapo—had an aggregate membership exceeding two million, making a large number of their members liable to trial when the organisations were convicted.[96]
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